Glaucoma surgery has evolved from early procedures such as iridectomy and full-thickness filtering operations to trabeculectomy, drainage implants and a

Corneal transplantation has evolved from experimental attempts into highly specialised surgery that can replace either the full thickness of your

Modern cataract surgery does more than remove your cloudy natural lens. An artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is usually placed inside

Optical coherence tomography has transformed the way your retina and optic nerve can be examined. It allows eye specialists to

If you have laser eye surgery today, your treatment builds on decades of developments in corneal surgery, laser technology, imaging

Cataract surgery has changed dramatically from ancient procedures that displaced your cloudy lens to modern operations that remove it and

Some eye conditions can cause measurable changes to your retina, optic nerve or visual field before you notice a significant

Your eye contains extremely small and delicate structures, so your surgeon must perform highly controlled movements during an operation. Robotic

Wearable devices can collect information about your vision, eye movements, environment or everyday activities while you follow your normal routine.

Eye conditions with the same diagnosis can behave differently and may not respond to treatment in the same way. Precision

A liquid biopsy analyses biological material found in a fluid such as your blood, tears, aqueous humour or vitreous fluid.

Blood can contain proteins, antibodies, metabolites and genetic material associated with conditions affecting the eyes. Researchers are investigating whether combinations

A digital twin is a computer-based representation of part or all of the eye. It may combine imaging, clinical measurements

Optical coherence tomography creates detailed cross-sectional images of the retina, optic nerve head and other eye structures. It can measure

The retina contains nerve tissue and a visible network of small blood vessels that can be examined without surgery. Changes